Kubernetes Dashboard 的安装、配置和使用

容器云技术

一、实验环境版本信息

1. 操作系统的版本信息

CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)

2. 各组件的版本信息

kubernetes cluster v1.17.0，推荐使用kubeadm v1.17.0 进行试验

etcd v3.4.3
kube-apiserver v1.17.0
kube-controller-manager v1.17.0
kube-scheduler v1.17.0
kubectl v1.17.0

docker 18.09.9
kubelet v1.17.0
calico v3.11.1

kubernetes dashborad，使用容器化的方式部署

kubernetes dashboard v2.0.0-rc5

二、准备Docker镜像与Kubernetes YAML部署文件

1. 准备相关的 Docker 镜像

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docker pull kubernetesui/dashboard:v2.0.0-rc5
docker pull kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.3
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/metrics-server-amd64:v0.3.6

2. 准备相关的 Kubernetes YAML 部署文件

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# git clone https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard.git
# cd dashboard/
# git checkout -b v2.0.0-rc5.tag v2.0.0-rc5

三、在 Kubernetes Cluster 上安装 Kubernetes Dashboard

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## 接上一步，在 dashboard/ 目录下操作，直接使用 kubectl 创建资源即可
# kubectl create -f aio/deploy/recommended.yaml

四、安装 Kubernetes 监控组件 Metric Server

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# git clone https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/metrics-server.git
# cd metrics-server/
# git checkout -b v0.3.6.tag v0.3.6
# git branch
  master
* v0.3.6.tag

# git diff deploy/1.8+/metrics-server-deployment.yaml
diff --git a/deploy/1.8+/metrics-server-deployment.yaml b/deploy/1.8+/metrics-server-deployment.yaml
index 2393e75..86f4219 100644
--- a/deploy/1.8+/metrics-server-deployment.yaml
+++ b/deploy/1.8+/metrics-server-deployment.yaml
@@ -29,8 +29,12 @@ spec:
         emptyDir: {}
       containers:
       - name: metrics-server
-        image: k8s.gcr.io/metrics-server-amd64:v0.3.6
-        imagePullPolicy: Always
+        image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/metrics-server-amd64:v0.3.6
+        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
+        command:
+        - /metrics-server
+        - --kubelet-preferred-address-types=InternalIP
+        - --kubelet-insecure-tls
         volumeMounts:
         - name: tmp-dir
           mountPath: /tmp
## 按照上述git对比出来的变化进行修改

# kubectl create -f deploy/1.8+/

# kubectl get pod -n kube-system -o wide
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP               NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
。。。
metrics-server-c6774ddf4-nnktl   1/1     Running   0          30h   10.211.196.130   node01   <none>           <none>
。。。

## 验证metric server的可用性
# kubectl get --raw "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes" | jq .
{
  "kind": "NodeMetricsList",
  "apiVersion": "metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1",
  "metadata": {
    "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes"
  },
  "items": [
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "node02",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes/node02",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:50Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:13Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "usage": {
        "cpu": "88057337n",
        "memory": "822040Ki"
      }
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "master",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes/master",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:50Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:21Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "usage": {
        "cpu": "184970966n",
        "memory": "1045388Ki"
      }
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "node01",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes/node01",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:50Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:18Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "usage": {
        "cpu": "92128619n",
        "memory": "833480Ki"
      }
    }
  ]
}


# kubectl get --raw "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/pods" | jq .
{
  "kind": "PodMetricsList",
  "apiVersion": "metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1",
  "metadata": {
    "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/pods"
  },
  "items": [
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "calico-node-vp2mk",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/calico-node-vp2mk",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:13Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "calico-node",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "23828482n",
            "memory": "29852Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "coredns-7f9c544f75-nbtt9",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/coredns-7f9c544f75-nbtt9",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:12Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "coredns",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "2739715n",
            "memory": "8372Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "kube-controller-manager-master",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/kube-controller-manager-master",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:22Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "kube-controller-manager",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "11899093n",
            "memory": "61688Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "etcd-master",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/etcd-master",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:15Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "etcd",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "15906661n",
            "memory": "46120Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "coredns-7f9c544f75-bk25k",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/coredns-7f9c544f75-bk25k",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:07Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "coredns",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "2311367n",
            "memory": "11300Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "dashboard-metrics-scraper-7b8b58dc8b-nnktl",
        "namespace": "kubernetes-dashboard",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/pods/dashboard-metrics-scraper-7b8b58dc8b-nnktl",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:12Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "dashboard-metrics-scraper",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "487926n",
            "memory": "3932Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "kube-proxy-v6vtg",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/kube-proxy-v6vtg",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:11Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "kube-proxy",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "414352n",
            "memory": "23932Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "network-pz6st",
        "namespace": "default",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/default/pods/network-pz6st",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:18Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "network",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "0",
            "memory": "44Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "kube-apiserver-master",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/kube-apiserver-master",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:17Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "kube-apiserver",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "35264598n",
            "memory": "300208Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "calico-kube-controllers-648f4868b8-844cd",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/calico-kube-controllers-648f4868b8-844cd",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:19Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "calico-kube-controllers",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "1185857n",
            "memory": "8716Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "metrics-server-c6774ddf4-f6lg2",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/metrics-server-c6774ddf4-f6lg2",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:17Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "metrics-server",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "1059092n",
            "memory": "11748Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "kube-scheduler-master",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/kube-scheduler-master",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:20Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "kube-scheduler",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "2369907n",
            "memory": "24184Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "calico-node-2qjtg",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/calico-node-2qjtg",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:21Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "calico-node",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "25966443n",
            "memory": "25984Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "kube-proxy-pwh6h",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/kube-proxy-pwh6h",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:15Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "kube-proxy",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "216986n",
            "memory": "25156Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "calico-node-gq9r9",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/calico-node-gq9r9",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:04Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "calico-node",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "25302709n",
            "memory": "26760Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "network-s5tjd",
        "namespace": "default",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/default/pods/network-s5tjd",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:10Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "network",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "0",
            "memory": "48Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "kubernetes-dashboard-866f987876-5npr9",
        "namespace": "kubernetes-dashboard",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/pods/kubernetes-dashboard-866f987876-5npr9",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:18Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "kubernetes-dashboard",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "281233n",
            "memory": "9512Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "kube-proxy-knt4j",
        "namespace": "kube-system",
        "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/kube-proxy-knt4j",
        "creationTimestamp": "2020-02-22T05:33:20Z"
      },
      "timestamp": "2020-02-22T05:32:05Z",
      "window": "30s",
      "containers": [
        {
          "name": "kube-proxy",
          "usage": {
            "cpu": "485574n",
            "memory": "15496Ki"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

五、配置以https的方式访问 Kubernetes Dashboard

  1. 决定了 Kubernetes Dashboard 以 https 的形式对外提供服务的关键参数

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    ## 以 https 对外提供服务时，Kubernetes Dashboard 默认是启用登录模式的
    ## 特别注意：该参数启用后，Kubernetes Dashboard 会监听 8443 端口对外提供 https 服务，并且不会监听 9090 端口提供 http 服务
    --auto-generate-certificates 

    ## 设置 https 监听端口，默认值为 8443
    --port

    ## 设置 https 监听地址，默认值为 0.0.0.0
    --bind-address

  2. 决定了 Kubernetes Dashboard 能够启动成功的关键参数

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    ## 证书相关的secret对象放在哪个namespace下，通常情况下与 Kubernetes Dashboard 的 pod 所在的 namespace 相同，默认值为 kube-system
    --namespace

  3. 如何访问 Kubernetes Dashboard 的登录页

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    ## 修改 service 类型为 NodePort 类型
    # kubectl edit service kubernetes-dashboard -n kubernetes-dashboard
    。。。。。。
    spec:
      clusterIP: 10.96.56.103
      externalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
      ports:
      - nodePort: 32027
        port: 443
        protocol: TCP
        targetPort: 8443
      selector:
        k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
      sessionAffinity: None
      type: NodePort
    。。。。。。

    ## 通过 https://<node-ip>:<node-port> 的形式访问 Kubernetes Dashboard 的登录页，例如 https://192.168.112.129:32027/

login_01

六、使用说明

  1. 创建访问用户并授权

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    mkdir -p access/
    cat <<EOF > access/01-serviceaccount.yaml
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: ServiceAccount
    metadata:
      name: admin-user
      namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
    EOF

    cat <<EOF > access/02-clusterrolebinding.yaml
    apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    kind: ClusterRoleBinding
    metadata:
      name: admin-user
    roleRef:
      apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
      kind: ClusterRole
      name: cluster-admin
    subjects:
    - kind: ServiceAccount
      name: admin-user
      namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
    EOF

    kubectl create -f access/

  2. 获取用户的 Token， 并在登录页面上输入， 然后登录 Kubernetes Dashboard

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    ## 获取上一步授权的用户 Token，用于登录 Kubernetes Dashboard 
    # kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard describe secret $(kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get secret | grep admin-user | awk '{print $1}')
    Name:         admin-user-token-bhp84
    Namespace:    kubernetes-dashboard
    Labels:       <none>
    Annotations:  kubernetes.io/service-account.name: admin-user
                  kubernetes.io/service-account.uid: 4c67c8da-0694-4de9-b978-eff7a1075bea

    Type:  kubernetes.io/service-account-token

    Data
    ====
    ca.crt:     1025 bytes
    namespace:  20 bytes
    token:      eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IkpWcTFvc0Rza0xYZVVhVnlkRkhUX2VDM1RBR1hUNXpKVkdna3kyRTAyVlEifQ.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.aF2iWV--nNTdcrOTSQiQLEWi9QQnonjqk4EZNQSxcgqjZjUIaK1ezXBDrm9_bT5M9ddsMXKuE7E4PuTqk2IMTC_8m9DlinRrHHERAneI5OVO8aoAGqRo-pMyatEF7n9YfNoZMR0pLCWgrwrm1ttADHWtsTYsjrj4uT42Gt_h7J4i47VxF5g9qtqv8Jt_yoQNemje_XhWoGK4p9F_jPt3H8OrQ7CKYx1SwTGfw8t7P_mt9XY9AsWuUO4r4AixnZhWOLBtxa0QibM-mK7X4iREN3Ib8nmezVGkdiVt1epd_zmWAAWMHxEgh1D48wSro2Gb0e2p5AQQV2FAHJrfra4qUA

    ## 登录页面上输入 Token 后，点击对应按钮即可实现登录

login_02
login_03

七、参考资料

1. Kubernetes Dashboard 的官方资料

https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/blob/v2.0.0-rc5/src/app/backend/dashboard.go
https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/blob/v2.0.0-rc5/docs/user/accessing-dashboard/1.7.x-and-above.md
https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/blob/v2.0.0-rc5/docs/user/access-control/creating-sample-user.md
https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/blob/v2.0.0-rc5/docs/user/integrations.md
https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/blob/v2.0.0-rc5/docs/user/certificate-management.md

2. Kubernetes Metric Server

https://www.cnblogs.com/ding2016/p/10786252.html
https://github.com/singhwang/k8s-prom-hpa

3. 关于 Chrome 无法访问 Kubernetes Dashboard 的问题解决

http://team.jiunile.com/blog/2018/12/k8s-dashboard-chrome-err.html
https://superuser.com/questions/27268/how-do-i-disable-the-warning-chrome-gives-if-a-security-certificate-is-not-trust
https://www.jianshu.com/p/a8cc2c04ee7c
https://blog.gxxsite.com/wei-mac-osxde-cheng-xu-tian-jia-yong-jiu-qi-dong-can-shu/